File::Spec::Mac - File::Spec for Mac OS (Classic)
- To upgrade to a major version of OS X newer than 10.6, get it from the Mac App Store. Note that you can't keep an upgraded version that was installed by the original owner. He or she can't legally transfer it to you, and without the Apple ID you won't be able to update it in Software Update or reinstall, if that becomes necessary.
- I wasn’t fortunate enough to own a Bondi Blue; the closest I got was when Apple bumped up the specs slightly and released the “five colours” range. Mine was the 266 MHz model. These were great machines for their time, and I was using one of these in 2008. Just for fun I ran Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger on my 266 MHz with only 96 MB of RAM.
- The disk your Mac started up from is at the top of the list. In this example, Apple SSD is the startup disk: Select the disk that you want to erase. Click Erase, then complete these items: Name: Type the name that you want the disk to have after you erase it. Format: Choose APFS or Mac OS Extended. Scheme: Choose GUID Partition Map.
Methods for manipulating file specifications.
The Control Strip was initially released in 1994 with the PowerBook 500 series of notebook computers and the PowerBook Duo 280 subnotebook computers, at that point shipping with System 7.1.Later on it was made available to desktop and portable Macintosh computers, beginning with System 7.5.3. Apple removed Control Strip in 2001 as a consequence of its move to Mac OS X. Mac Recovery Mode is a special mode in macOS that loads native recovery tools that help you restore from a Time Machine backup, get help online, reinstall macOS, or erase a hard disk, and more.
On Mac OS, there's nothing to be done. Returns what it's given.
Concatenate two or more directory names to form a path separated by colons (':') ending with a directory. Resulting paths are relative by default, but can be forced to be absolute (but avoid this, see below). Automatically puts a trailing ':' on the end of the complete path, because that's what's done in MacPerl's environment and helps to distinguish a file path from a directory path.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Beginning with version 1.3 of this module, the resulting path is relative by default and not absolute. This decision was made due to portability reasons. Since File::Spec->catdir() returns relative paths on all other operating systems, it will now also follow this convention on Mac OS. Note that this may break some existing scripts.
The intended purpose of this routine is to concatenate directory names. But because of the nature of Macintosh paths, some additional possibilities are allowed to make using this routine give reasonable results for some common situations. In other words, you are also allowed to concatenate paths instead of directory names (strictly speaking, a string like ':a' is a path, but not a name, since it contains a punctuation character ':').
So, beside calls like
calls like the following
are allowed.
Here are the rules that are used in catdir(); note that we try to be as compatible as possible to Unix:
The resulting path is relative by default, i.e. the resulting path will have a leading colon.
A trailing colon is added automatically to the resulting path, to denote a directory.
Generally, each argument has one leading ':' and one trailing ':' removed (if any). They are then joined together by a ':'. Special treatment applies for arguments denoting updir paths like '::lib:', see (4), or arguments consisting solely of colons ('colon paths'), see (5).
When an updir path like ':::lib::' is passed as argument, the number of directories to climb up is handled correctly, not removing leading or trailing colons when necessary. E.g.
Adding a colon ':' or empty string ' to a path at any position doesn't alter the path, i.e. these arguments are ignored. (When a ' is passed as the first argument, it has a special meaning, see (6)). This way, a colon ':' is handled like a '.' (curdir) on Unix, while an empty string ' is generally ignored (see 'canonpath()' in File::Spec::Unix ). Likewise, a '::' is handled like a '..' (updir), and a ':::' is handled like a '../..' etc. E.g.
If the first argument is an empty string ' or is a volume name, i.e. matches the pattern /^[^:]+:/, the resulting path is absolute.
Passing an empty string ' as the first argument to
catdir()is like passingFile::Spec->rootdir()as the first argument, i.e.This is true on Unix, where
catdir(','a','b')yields '/a/b' androotdir()is '/'. Note thatrootdir()on Mac OS is the startup volume, which is the closest in concept to Unix' '/'. This should help to run existing scripts originally written for Unix.For absolute paths, some cleanup is done, to ensure that the volume name isn't immediately followed by updirs. This is invalid, because this would go beyond 'root'. Generally, these cases are handled like their Unix counterparts:
However, this approach is limited to the first arguments following 'root' (again, see 'canonpath()' in File::Spec::Unix. If there are more arguments that move up the directory tree, an invalid path going beyond root can be created.
As you've seen, you can force catdir() to create an absolute path by passing either an empty string or a path that begins with a volume name as the first argument. However, you are strongly encouraged not to do so, since this is done only for backward compatibility. Newer versions of File::Spec come with a method called catpath() (see below), that is designed to offer a portable solution for the creation of absolute paths. It takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. While catdir() is still suitable for the concatenation of directory names, you are encouraged to use catpath() to concatenate volume names and directory paths. E.g.
yields
Concatenate one or more directory names and a filename to form a complete path ending with a filename. Resulting paths are relative by default, but can be forced to be absolute (but avoid this).
IMPORTANT NOTE: Beginning with version 1.3 of this module, the resulting path is relative by default and not absolute. This decision was made due to portability reasons. Since File::Spec->catfile() returns relative paths on all other operating systems, it will now also follow this convention on Mac OS. Note that this may break some existing scripts.
The last argument is always considered to be the file portion. Since catfile() uses catdir() (see above) for the concatenation of the directory portions (if any), the following with regard to relative and absolute paths is true:
but
This means that catdir() is called only when there are two or more arguments, as one might expect.
Note that the leading ':' is removed from the filename, so that
give the same answer.
To concatenate volume names, directory paths and filenames, you are encouraged to use catpath() (see below).
Returns a string representing the current directory. On Mac OS, this is ':'.
Returns a string representing the null device. On Mac OS, this is 'Dev:Null'.
Returns the empty string. Mac OS has no real root directory.
Returns the contents of $ENV{TMPDIR}, if that directory exits or the current working directory otherwise. Under MacPerl, $ENV{TMPDIR} will contain a path like 'MacintoshHD:Temporary Items:', which is a hidden directory on your startup volume.
Returns a string representing the parent directory. On Mac OS, this is '::'.
Takes as argument a path and returns true, if it is an absolute path. If the path has a leading ':', it's a relative path. Otherwise, it's an absolute path, unless the path doesn't contain any colons, i.e. it's a name like 'a'. In this particular case, the path is considered to be relative (i.e. it is considered to be a filename). Use ':' in the appropriate place in the path if you want to distinguish unambiguously. As a special case, the filename ' is always considered to be absolute. Note that with version 1.2 of File::Spec::Mac, this does no longer consult the local filesystem.
The Closet. Mac Os Catalina
E.g.
Returns the null list for the MacPerl application, since the concept is usually meaningless under Mac OS. But if you're using the MacPerl tool under MPW, it gives back $ENV{Commands} suitably split, as is done in :lib:ExtUtils:MM_Mac.pm.
Splits a path into volume, directory, and filename portions.
On Mac OS, assumes that the last part of the path is a filename unless $no_file is true or a trailing separator ':' is present.
The volume portion is always returned with a trailing ':'. The directory portion is always returned with a leading (to denote a relative path) and a trailing ':' (to denote a directory). The file portion is always returned without a leading ':'. Empty portions are returned as empty string '.
The results can be passed to catpath() to get back a path equivalent to (usually identical to) the original path.
The opposite of catdir().
$directories should be only the directory portion of the path on systems that have the concept of a volume or that have path syntax that differentiates files from directories. Consider using splitpath() otherwise.
Unlike just splitting the directories on the separator, empty directory names (') can be returned. Since catdir() on Mac OS always appends a trailing colon to distinguish a directory path from a file path, a single trailing colon will be ignored, i.e. there's no empty directory name after it.
Hence, on Mac OS, both
yield:
while
yields:
Takes volume, directory and file portions and returns an entire path. On Mac OS, $volume, $directory and $file are concatenated. A ':' is inserted if need be. You may pass an empty string for each portion. If all portions are empty, the empty string is returned. If $volume is empty, the result will be a relative path, beginning with a ':'. If $volume and $directory are empty, a leading ':' (if any) is removed form $file and the remainder is returned. If $file is empty, the resulting path will have a trailing ':'.
Takes a destination path and an optional base path and returns a relative path from the base path to the destination path:
The Closet. Mac Os 11
Note that both paths are assumed to have a notation that distinguishes a directory path (with trailing ':') from a file path (without trailing ':').
If $base is not present or ', then the current working directory is used. If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to the current working directory.
If $path and $base appear to be on two different volumes, we will not attempt to resolve the two paths, and we will instead simply return $path. Note that previous versions of this module ignored the volume of $base, which resulted in garbage results part of the time.
If $base doesn't have a trailing colon, the last element of $base is assumed to be a filename. This filename is ignored. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is relative, it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to the current working directory.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
Converts a relative path to an absolute path:
Note that both paths are assumed to have a notation that distinguishes a directory path (with trailing ':') from a file path (without trailing ':').
If $base is not present or ', then $base is set to the current working directory. If $base is relative, then it is converted to absolute form using rel2abs(). This means that it is taken to be relative to the current working directory.
If $base doesn't have a trailing colon, the last element of $base is assumed to be a filename. This filename is ignored. Otherwise all path components are assumed to be directories.
If $path is already absolute, it is returned and $base is ignored.
Based on code written by Shigio Yamaguchi.
See the authors list in File::Spec. Mac OS support by Paul Schinder <schinder@pobox.com> and Thomas Wegner <wegner_thomas@yahoo.com>.
Copyright (c) 2004 by the Perl 5 Porters. All rights reserved.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
See File::Spec and File::Spec::Unix. This package overrides the implementation of these methods, not the semantics.
To install File::Spec::Mac, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.
Linux distribution, also known as distro in short. It is an operating system that is built using the Linux kernel. You can picture it as having a desktop environment that can be installed in any computer terminal. If you think about it, most operating systems like Windows and Mac are licensed while Linux is free software that is widely distributed. It is comprised of an assortment of software, tools, and libraries that are packaged together to meet user capabilities.
We all know that the macOS is an elegant operating system. However, in the later years, it seems to feel challenged to keep up with the latest needs. Linux distros have leveraged this opportunity to be able to become an alternative to macOS, delivering a more sharp, polished, and clean desktop experience.
PureOS
The Closet. Mac Os X
PureOS is an operating system developed by Purism. It is one of the latest technologies that carry a modern, user-friendly feel without compromising performance or consumer rights. It is more focused on delivering better privacy and security among users, making it attractive to use. It takes an aggressive stance by eliminating vulnerabilities on the hardware level that adds on to user confidence with the software.
PureOS is also adherent to the open-source policy that is more inclined to integrating applications that are also open-source and not proprietary owned. It also has a bootable feature that can be run from a USB or a removable device while carrying the same capabilities from the original desktop environment.
Solus
Solus is a stable Linux operating system that offers a wide selection of software applications. One of the key features of the product is the Budgie desktop environment that is simple and highly customizable for advanced users. It is a fast operating system that uses Gnome technologies and is simply well-built. With the Solus OS, you can infer that it brings the harmony of the Chrome OS and macOS – having a sleek, good-looking, and clean interface.
The Solus Budgie OS comes with a bundle of software applications that should already get you started. It is more for home computing where you can utilize innovative features such as the Notification Panel and Dark Mode. It is also a lightweight platform that should be quick to install and reliable to use. Although the Solus Linux Distribution is composed of a small support team, there is a fair amount of documentation available on the web to guide advanced users for a custom setup.
Elementary OS
The Elementary OS is probably one of the best-looking Linux distro available. It is very easy to use and excellent for beginners that wish to delve into the Linux world. It carries a style that is a tribute to Apple’s macOS with a genius desktop environment called Pantheon. The Pantheon is based on Gnome technology. With the latest versions of the operating system, you can expect that it has improved core applications and a better login interface.
Although it seems to have limited apps available, it still comes with the basic productivity apps such as a web browser and email app. If you would need to install more programs, you can do this with the AppCenter. Please be aware though that in the AppCenter, there are paid apps that will be offered that are designed particularly for the operating system.
Despite looking much like a macOS, the Elementary OS has done some more serious work on top of it apart from the look n’ feel. They are protective of their ecosystem, imposing strict guidelines to design apps for the environment. This helps ensure that consumers will continue getting high-quality updates and features that mix well with Elementary OS.
Zorin OS
The Zorin OS is a Linux distro that is based on Ubuntu. Its prime objective is to offer an alternative for users for Windows and Mac. Zorin OS is a powerful, secure, and fast software that respects one’s privacy. It does not log activities that can usually be tracked with Windows. One nice thing about this operating system is that it can support a classic Windows layout or the macOS depending on user preference. This reduces the learning curve to navigate around the environment.
When it comes to the software center, you can install commonly used proprietary applications and any other open-source applications. Apart from this, Zorin OS delivers a reliable performance that is even compatible with old hardware technologies. It has been a candidate for development, gaming, simulations, and media production because of its overall flexibility and capability.
Ubuntu Budgie
The Ubuntu Budgie is a branched-out version of the Ubuntu OS. It offers the same stability as the Ubuntu software but with an added improvement. It is a lightweight operating system comes with a streamlined interface and various features. It has raised the bar for rivals in delivering quality software that genuinely integrates usability in all its forms. From introduction, navigation, and performance, the Ubuntu Budgie consistently exudes elegance.
The basic features are in place to easily get you up to speed in using the platform. It is simple, advanced, and safe for getting things done. With a strong foundation, the Ubuntu Budgie has easily earned approval from experts in terms of reliability and community support.
Conclusion
The Linux Distros that we have discussed are those that closely resemble the macOS. You can use Rufus to install all of these operating systems. But beyond this Top 5 list, there are a few more operating systems that deserve some recognition too. Although they have not made it through the list, it is worth mentioning:
Backslash
The Backslash operating system is relatively a new OS with a macOS feel. It is built with KDE technologies with a comprehensive set of documentation to guide novice and experts in customization.
Pearl OS
The Pearl OS has Xfce as a desktop platform with an envisioned goal of establishing a development environment called PearlIDE. It offers a promising outlook for innovation and collaboration between a community that is engaged in improving the software.