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The filing, which was published by the World Intellectual Property Organization, is titled 'Transitioning Between Modes of Input.'
According to the filing, various sensors, such as accelerometers or position sensors, would detect a change in the orientation of a computer's touch-screen, thereby triggering a change between 'input modes and corresponding user interfaces.' The change in input could also modify an on-screen item or window, potentially 'enlarging/reducing, obscuring/unobscuring, moving, etc.'
The filing differentiates between high-resolution input methods, e.g. mouse and keyboard, and low-resolution input methods, e.g. touch. Input resolution is defined in the filing as the 'general level of fineness at which an input can be detected and processed.'
As an example, an iMac in its traditional upright position would utilize a mouse and keyboard and switch to touch-based input when swiveled down on its stand.
Another example of the transitioning input method is briefly given using a MacBook-like product. The example tablet computer has a keyboard, trackpad, and a touch-screen display. Similar to several tablet designs already on the market, the display can swivel to lie flat against the keyboard, activating touch-based input and its corresponding UI.
The patent was filed on July 9, 2009. Paul Costa is listed as the inventor. Costa's LinkedIn profile lists his current role as Hardware Engineering Manager at Apple.
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I recently decided to switch my attention from learning Racket to Chez Scheme. One of the reasons that I chose Racket was because of how easy it is to get up and running. Setting up a development environment for Chez requires jumping through a few more hoops. In this post, I document those hoops. Disclaimer: The suggestions in this post may not represent best practice. I will update the post as I become more experienced with Chez and Emacs.
Chez Scheme
Installation
Chez Epee Mac Os 11
On macOS, I installed Chez with Homebrew.
On Windows [1], I used the Windows installer.
So far, so good. Nothing tricky about installing Chez Scheme.
REPL
To launch the Chez REPL on macOS, open Terminal and type chez[2]. On Windows, four Chez programs were installed (32- or 64-bit threaded and unthreaded). Open any of those programs to get a Chez REPL [3].
Mac Os Mojave
Test the REPL with simple expression.
The REPL has several nice features including:
- Navigate through previous expressions with the up and down arrow keys.
- Autocomplete functions and paths with TAB.
- Write and edit multi-line expressions.
When navigating through previous expressions, only the first line of a multi-line expression is shown. To see (and edit) all lines, type CTRL+L. In the middle of an expression, RET creates a new line; to enter an expression from the middle of an expression, use CTRL+J.
Library Directory
Chez does not come with a package manager, but there are 3rd-party options, e.g., Akku. In this post, though, I will describe manual package management.
library-directories returns the directories where Chez looks for libraries.
The '.' indicates that Chez is looking in the current directory [4]. If you are using a project-based workflow, then you could include your dependencies in the current directory, perhaps in a lib folder. For a 'global' approach, I created a library directory at /Users/username/scheme/lib on macOS, and at C:schemelib on Windows.
Before we go over where to stash that directory information, let's cover library extensions.
These are the file extensions that Chez uses when searching the library directories.
On macOS [5], you edit .bash_profile to add information on library directories and extensions. From a Terminal window, open .bash_profile with the Nano text editor.
These lines add a new directory to library-directories and a new extension to library-extensions.
The : at the end is used to indicate that the new entries should be appended to the existing entries. Remove the : to replace the default values with the new entries. After saving .bash_profile, enter the following command in the Terminal.
Now, from a Chez REPL, we can see the effect of our changes.
If we have a library at /Users/username/scheme/lib/srfi/s1/lists.sls, then we import the library with (import (srfi s1 lists)), i.e., you pass the components of the path to import. If you can't import the library, look at the library call at the top of lists.sls, for example, because that will give you a clue of where the library expects to be placed in library-directories.
On Windows 10, type env in the search box in the task bar and open the program to Edit the system environment variables. Then click the Environment Variables button. Click the button to create a new system variable. Type CHEZSCHEMELIBDIRS and C:schemelib; in the name and value fields, respectively. Click OK. Repeat the process using CHEZSCHEMELIBEXTS and .sc;;.so; in the name and value fields. The ; in the values fields has the same meaning as the : on macOS.
Emacs
I'm not aware of an IDE for Chez Scheme, but pairing a good text editor with the Chez REPL provides a decent development environment. I chose Emacs as a text editor. I'm slowly becoming more comfortable with Emacs, but I'm far from proficient.
Installation
On macOS, I installed Emacs with Homebrew.
On Windows, I installed MSYS2 and then ran the following command from within MSYS2 to install Emacs.
On macOS, I open Emacs via the icon in my applications folder. On Windows, I launch Emacs by typing emacs in the MSYS2 console.
Basic Usage
The power of Emacs is in the keyboard shortcuts and customization. I'm too early in my journey to have unlocked much of that potential. When you are browsing info on Emacs, you will see shorthand for referring to keyboard combinations, e.g., C-xC-f corresponds to CTRL+X followed by CTRL+F. The other important key is the meta key with M as the shorthand. On my MacBook, the meta key is option. On Windows, the default meta key is ALT. Similar to .bash_profile, Emacs can be customized through commands saved in the .emacs file [6].
Geiser
Geiser is a package that provides the ability to run several different Scheme implementations from within Emacs. We can install Geiser through MELPA.
Open Emacs, enter C-xC-f to find a file, and type .emacs at the prompt. On macOS, I added the following to .emacs.
On Windows, I added the more extensive code provided on MELPA's Getting Started page.
Save .emacs and restart Emacs. Then type M-x followed by package-refresh-contents. If that is successful, you will see the message Package refresh done in the minibuffer. To install Geiser, type M-x and then package-install. In response to the Install package: prompt, type geiser and hit return.
To customize Geiser, I used the menu options rather than directly editing the .emacs file. Choose Options/Customize Emacs/Specific Group... and type geiser at the prompt. Click on Geiser Chez and change the location of the binary.
On mac0S...
On Windows..
Click Apply and Save. Click the Geiser link next to Parent groups: Click on Geiser Implementation and change the default implementation to chez. Click Apply and Save. Restart Emacs.
The Chez REPL is launched through Emacs with M-x followed by run-chez. You can navigate through the previous expressions with ESC+P and ESC+N[7]. Multi-line expressions, autocomplete, and syntax highlighting are also supported.
Library Directory
Apparently, the changes that we made to .bash_profile on macOS and the environment variables on Windows to point Chez to libraries and extensions are not picked up by the Chez REPL as used by Geiser. We need to add a couple of lines to .emacs.
On macOS...
On Windows...
UPDATE (2019-08-20): In Emacs, I eventually noticed that there is an option to highlight matching parantheses, which I find very helpful. Select Options/Highlight Matching Parantheses and then Options/Save Options. I've also started using company-mode for text completion. I was also pleased to discover that reindenting lines in Emacs is as simple as selecting the section to indent and pressing TAB.
UPDATE (2019-12-04): Add the following lines to your .emacs file for scheme-mode to recognize the .sc and .sls file extensions that are used with scheme code.
UPDATE (2019-12-13): In addition to using TAB to reindent lines in Emacs, my other most used keyboard shortcuts are for executing, commenting, and selecting code. To execute the code in an s-expression, place your cursor at the end of the s-expression and type C-xC-e[8]. If the executed code displays any output, it will be shown in the minibuffer and not the REPL [9]. To evaluate several s-expressions, highlight the region and type C-cC-r. To select an s-expression, place your cursor at the beginning of the s-expression and type M-C-space (where space is the space bar). I've done a lot of fumbling around trying to select s-expressions by dragging the cursor with the mouse so I'm excited to recently discover this last one.
[1] My experience with Chez Scheme on Windows is limited to installation and set up as described in this post. But I'm under the impression that working with Chez Scheme on Windows involves more friction than on macOS or Linux.
[2] You can also type petite to launch Petite Chez Scheme. See here for more information on the differences between Chez Scheme and Petite Chez Scheme.
[3] Alternatively, add one of the four versions of Chez Scheme to the Windows path environment variable by typing env in the search box in the task bar and then opening the program to Edit the system environment variables. Then click the Environment Variables button. Select the row for Path and then click on the Edit... button. Then click the New button and add the path. For the 64-bit threaded version, use C:Program FilesChez Scheme 9.5binta6nt. Now, you can launch Chez Scheme from the command prompt with start scheme and run Scheme programs with start scheme pathtomyschemefile.ss.
[4] You can find the current directory by running current-directory.
[5] If you are using macOS Catalina, the default shell is Zsh, not Bash. You simply need to replace .bash_profile with .zshenv in the instructions in this post.
[6] More complicated file structures for customizing Emacs are possible, but my proficiency with Emacs is not at that level, yet.
[7] Because my MacBook doesn't have a physical ESC, I prefer C-[ as an alternative to ESC and, thus, navigate among previously entered expressions with C-[p and C-[n. Alternatively, you could use CAPS LOCK as ESC.
[8] If you are receiving the message, 'No Geiser REPL for this buffer', then Geiser is struggling to figure out which Scheme implementation to use. One solution is to delete all of the non-Chez implementations by choosing Options/Customize Emacs/Specific Group..., typing geiser at the prompt, selecting Geiser Implementation, and deleting all the non-Chez implementations under Geiser Active Implementations. Click Apply and Save. Restart Emacs.
[9] If you want the output of the code displayed in the REPL, you will have to copy and paste it to the REPL (AFAIK).